Species tree

Figure: Representative members in different lineages of Brassicaceae family. Phylogenetic tree was generated from 464 single-copy orthologous genes using the maximum-likelihood method. The scale bar shows the expected number of amino acid substitutions per residue.

(Ref:Jing Zhang et al., 2016)

Table. Chromosome count data of the Lepidium genus.

Order	Taxon name	Status Median (n)
1	Lepidium affghanum Boiss	8
2	Lepidium affine Ledeb.	8
3	Lepidium africanum DC.	8
4	Lepidium alluaudii Maire	8
5	Lepidium alyssoides A. Gray	16
6	Lepidium apetalum Willd.	16
7	Lepidium appelianum Al-Shehbaz	8
8	Lepidium armoracia Fisch. & C. A. Mey.	16
9	Lepidium aucheri Boiss.	8
10	Lepidium austrinum Small	16
11	Lepidium bipinnatifidum Desv	16
12	Lepidium bonariense L.	32
13	Lepidium campestre R. Br.	8
14	Lepidium cardamines L.	8
15	Lepidium cartilagineum Thell	8
16	Lepidium chichicara Desv.	32
17	Lepidium coronopus Al-Shehbaz	16
18	Lepidium davisii Rollins	16
19	Lepidium densiflorum Schrad.	16
20	Lepidium densiflorum var. pubicarpum Thell.	16
21	Lepidium didymum L.	16
22	Lepidium draba L	32
23	Lepidium fasciculatum Thell.	16
24	Lepidium flavum Torr	16
25	Lepidium fremontii S. Watson	32
26	Lepidium graminifolium L.	24
27	Lepidium heterophyllum Benth.	8
28	Lepidium hirtum Sm	8
29	Lepidium hirtum subsp. atlanticum Maire	8
30	Lepidium hirtum subsp. calycotrichum Thell.	8
31	Lepidium hirtum subsp. dhayense Thell.	8
32	Lepidium hirtum subsp. nebrodense Thell.	8
33	Lepidium hirtum subsp. oxyotum Thell	8
34	Lepidium hirtum subsp. petrophilum Thell.	8
35	Lepidium hirtum subsp. stylatum Thell.	8
36	Lepidium jaredii Brandegee	8
37	Lepidium lasiocarpum Nutt.	16
38	Lepidium lasiocarpum subsp. wrightii Thell.	16
39	Lepidium latifolium L.	12
40	Lepidium leptopetalum F. Muell.	12
41	Lepidium linifolium Steud.	16
42	Lepidium meyenii Walp.	32
43	Lepidium monoplocoides F. Muell.	16
44	Lepidium montanum Nutt.	16
45	Lepidium muelleriferdinandi Thell.	24
46	Lepidium naufragorum G. -Jones & D. A. Norton	72
47	Lepidium navasii Al-Shehbaz	16
48	Lepidium nitidum Nutt.	16
49	Lepidium oblongum Small	8
50	Lepidium obtusum Basiner	8
51	Lepidium oxytrichum Sprague	12
52	Lepidium perfoliatum L	8
53	Lepidium persicum Boiss.	8
54	Lepidium persicum subsp. arianum Hedge	8
55	Lepidium pinnatifidum Ledeb.	14
56	Lepidium pseudo-didymus Thell. ex Druce	8
57	Lepidium pseudodidymum Thell	8
58	Lepidium pseudohyssopifolium Hewson	16
59	Lepidium ramosissimum A. Nelson	32
60	Lepidium reticulatum Howell	8
61	Lepidium ruderale L.	16
62	Lepidium sativum L.	12
63	Lepidium serra H. Mann	16
64	Lepidium serratum Al-Shehbaz	16
65	Lepidium spinosum Ard.	12
66	Lepidium strictum Rattan ex B. L. Rob	16
67	Lepidium subulatum L.	8
68	Lepidium vesicarium L.	8
69	Lepidium villarsii Gren. & Godr.	8
70	Lepidium virginicum L.	16
71	Lepidium virginicum subsp. menziesii Thell.	16
72	Lepidium armoracium Fisch. & C. A. Mey	8
73	Lepidium oleraceum Sparrm.	36
74	Lepidium africanum subsp. Africanum	8
75	Lepidium hyssopifolium Desv.	8
76	Lepidium alyssoides var. angustifolium Rollins	16
77	Lepidium montanum subsp. Angustifolium C. L. Hitchc	16
78	Lepidium montanum var. alyssoides M. E. Jones	16
79	Lepidium montanum var. angustifolium C. L. Hitchc.	16
80	Lepidium alpigenum A. Rich	16
81	Lepidium schweinfurthii Thell.	16
82	Lepidium kalenbornii C. L. Hitchc.	16
83	Lepidium densiflorum var. elongatum Thell.	16
84	Lepidium densiflorum var. macrocarpum G. A. Mulligan	16
85	Lepidium densiflorum var. pubicarpum Thel.	16
86	Lepidium densiflorum var. pubicarpum	32
87	Lepidium chalepense L.	40
88	Lepidium graminifolium subsp. graminifolium	24
89	Lepidium graminifolium subsp. suffruticosum P. Monts.	24
90	Lepidium calycotrichum Kunze	8
91	Lepidium humifusum Req.	8
92	Lepidium petrophilum Coss.	8
93	Lepidium stylatum Lag. & Rodr.	8
94	Lepidium lasiocarpum subsp. lasiocarpum	16
95	Lepidium lasiocarpum var. rotundum C. L. Hitchc.	16
96	Lepidium lasiocarpum var. wrightii C. L. Hitchc.	16
97	Lepidium montanum var. canescens C. L. Hitchc.	16
98	Lepidium montanum var. jonesii C. L. Hitchc.	16
99	Lepidium perfoliatum Linn.	8
100	Lepidium suffruticosum Phil.	24
101	Lepidium bourgeauanum Thell.	32
102	Lepidium texanum Buckley	16
103	Lepidium carrerasii J. J. Rodr.	12
104	Lepidium petrophyllum Coss.	8
105	Lepidium villarsii subsp. villarsii	8
106	Lepidium virginicum subsp. virginicum	16
107	Lepidium virginicum var. medium C. L. Hitchc.	16

(Source: http://ccdb.tau.ac.il/search/ )

Growth environment

Figure: (A) Cultivation area of maca in the central Andes region (circled in red).

(B) Rapid elevation of the Andes Mountains between 5 and 10 million years ago.

(Ref: Jing Zhang et al., 2016)

Genome statistics

(Ref: Jing Zhang et al., 2016)

Schematic graph

Figure 1: Schematic graph of the collinear relationships between A. thaliana chromosome 1 and maca scaffolds. See Supplemental Figure 5 for additional collinear relationship graphs.

Whole genome duplication

Figure 2: Phylogenetic tree and divergence time of five plant species. Phylogenetic tree was generated from 503 single-copy orthologous genes using the maximum-likelihood method. Time (Ma) is listed in brackets, and corresponds to the fossil time scale. The time range for divergence is shown in gray areas. Approximate positions of the paleo-WGD events (α, β, γ) are indicated by inverted triangles. Approximate positions of the species-specific WGD events are indicated by squares.

(Ref: Jing Zhang et al., 2016)